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AI Research

Neural Networks - Introduction

May 12, 2026


🧠 Understanding Neural Networks

Neural networks are computational models inspired by the human brain.
They are widely used in
Machine Learning and Deep Learning.

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📌 What is a Neural Network?

A neural network is composed of:

  • Input layer
  • Hidden layers
  • Output layer
  • Weights
  • Activation functions

A neural network learns by adjusting its weights to minimise a loss function.


🔍 Basic Structure

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Component Description Example


Input Layer Receives raw data Images, Text Hidden Layer Performs transformations Dense Layer Output Layer Produces prediction Class label


⚙️ Training Process

  1. Forward propagation
  2. Compute loss
  3. Backpropagation
  4. Update weights

🧮 Example Formula

y = activation(Wx + b)

Where:

  • W = weights matrix\
  • x = input vector\
  • b = bias\
  • activation() = non-linear function

🔥 Types of Neural Networks

  • Feedforward Neural Networks
  • Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
  • Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)
  • Transformers

📊 Advantages vs Limitations

Advantages Limitations


High accuracy Requires large datasets Learns complex patterns Computationally expensive Works well for images/text Hard to interpret


Neural networks have revolutionised artificial intelligence by enabling models to learn hierarchical representations of data.
However, they require careful tuning, significant computational power, and high-quality datasets.


🚀 Conclusion

Neural networks are at the core of modern AI systems and are used in:

  • Computer Vision
  • Natural Language Processing
  • Speech Recognition
  • Autonomous Systems

End of Article

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